Vol. 38, issue 09, article # 9
Copy the reference to clipboard
Abstract:
Ozone in the surface air layer in high concentrations is a powerful oxidizer that has a negative impact on biological objects and environmental elements. Therefore, it is very important to study the dynamics of its concentration in all regions of the planet. In the work, based on annual monitoring data, ozone concentrations in Russia in 2024, mesoscale differences in its content in individual regions, and its vertical distribution according to aircraft sounding data are considered; the comparison with hygienic standards is made. It is shown that the average annual ozone content in the surface air layer across Russia varied from 17 to 92 mg/m3; maximum hourly concentrations, from 90 to 222 mg/m3. In the annual course, the maximum concentration is usually observed in spring under background conditions and in summer in urban areas. A secondary maximum became noticeable at background stations in early autumn. The magnitude of mesoscale differences in concentrations reaches 50–70 mg/m3 and changes significantly during the day and year. In most measurement points, the maximum permissible daily average concentrations established by the domestic hygienic standard were exceeded: maximum one-time, daily average, and annual average. The current situation necessitates wide public awareness of the monitoring results and the development of environmental protection measures to reduce the level of ozone and its precursors concentration in the ground layer of air.
Keywords:
atmosphere, air, concentration, ozone, maximum permissible concentration, surface layer, troposphere
Figures:
References:
1. Lunin V.V., Popovich M.P., Tkachenko S.N. Fizicheskaya ximiya ozona. M.: MGU, 1998. 480 p.
2. Razumovskii S.V., Zaikov G.E. Ozon i ego reaktsii s organicheskimi soedineniyami (kinetika i mexanika). M.: Nauka, 1974. 322 p.
3. Vrednye khimicheskie veshchestva. Neorganicheskie soedineniya V–VIII grupp / pod red. V.A. Filova. L.: Khimiya, 1989. 592 p.
4. Lelieveld J., Evans J.S., Fnais M., Giannadaki D., Pozzer A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale // Nature. 2015. V. 525, N 7569. P. 367–371. DOI: 10.1038/nature15371.
5. Air pollution takes a big bite out of Asia’s grain crops // Nature. 2022. V. 601, N 7894. P. 487.
6. Wang B., Shugart H.H., Lerdau M.T. Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere // Environ. Res. Lett. 2017. V. 12, N 8. P. 084001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885.
7. Anav A., De Marco A., Collalti A., Emberson L., Feng Z., Lombardozzi D., Sicard P., Verbeke T., Viovy N., Vitale M., Paoletti E. Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for ozone risk assessment to forests // Environ. Pollut. 2022. V. 295. P. 118690. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118690.
8. Altshuller A.P., Wartburg A.F. The interaction of ozone with plastic metallic materials in a dynamic flow system // Int. J. Air Water Pollut. 1961. V. 4, N 1–2. P. 70–78.
9. Daubendick R.L., Calvert J.G. The reaction of ozone with perfluorinated polyolefins // Environ. Lett. 1974. V. 6, N 4. P. 253–272. DOI: 10.1080/00139307409437369.
10. Screpani A., De Marco A. Corrosion on cultural heritage buildings in Italy: A role for ozone? // Environ. Pollut. 2009. V. 157, N 5, P. 1513–1520. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.046.
11. Coleman B.K., Destaillats H., Hodgson A.T., Nazaroff W.W. Ozone consumption and volatile byproduct formation from surface reactions with aircraft cabin materials and clothing fabrics // Atmos. Environ. 2008. V. 42, N 4. P. 642–654. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.001
12. Rowlinson M.J., Rap A., Hamilton D.S., Pope R.J., Hantson S., Arnold S.R., Kaplan J.O., Arneth A., Chipperfield M.P., Forster P.M., Nieradzik L. Tropospheric ozone radiative forcing uncertainty due to pre-industrial fire and biogenic emissions // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2020. V. 20, N 18. P. 10937–10951. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-10937-2020.
13. Belan B.D. Ozon v troposfere. Tomsk: Izd-vo IOA SO RAN, 2010. 488 p.
14. Robinson A.L., Donahue N.M., Shrivastava M.K., Weitkamp E.A., Sage A.M., Grieshop A.P., Lane T.E., Pierce J.R., Pandis S.N. Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging // Science. 2007. V. 315, N 5816. P. 1259–1262. DOI: 10.1126/science.1133061.
15. Ivatt P.D., Evans M.J., Lewis A.C. Suppression of surface ozone by an aerosol-inhibited photochemical ozone regime // Nature Geosci. 2022. V. 15, N 7. P. 536–540.
16. Zannoni N., Lakey P.S.J., Won Y., Shiraiwa M., Rim D., Weschler C.J., Wang N., Ernle L., Li M., Bekö G., Wargocki P., Williams J. The human oxidation field // Science. 2022. V. 377, N 6610. P. 1071–1077. DOI: 10.1126/science.abn0340.
17. Tarasick D., Galbally I.E., Cooper O.R., Schultz M.G., Ancellet G., Leblanc T., Wallington T.J., Ziemke J., Liu X., Steinbacher M., Staehelin J., Vigouroux C., Hannigan J.W., García O., Foret G., Zanis P., Weatherhead E., Petropavlovskikh I., Worden H., Osman M., Liu J., Chang K.-L., Gaudel A., Lin M., Granados-Muñoz M., Thompson A.M., Oltmans S.J., Cuesta J., Dufour G., Thouret V., Hassler B., Trickl T., Neu J.L. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Tropospheric ozone from 1877 to 2016, observed levels, trends and uncertainties // Elem. Sci. Anth. 2019. V. 7, N 39. P. 376.
18. Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M., Sousa S.I.V., Martins F.G., Ferraz M.P. Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone: Scientific history and shifts in early perspectives regarding the impact on human health // Atmosphere. 2024. V. 15, N 12. P. 1504. DOI: 10.3390/atmos15121504.
19. Belan B.D., Savkin D.E., Tolmachev G.N. Zavisimost' obrazovaniya ozona v prizemnom sloe ot temperatury vozduxa // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2017. V. 30, N 11. P. 971–979; Belan B.D., Savkin D.E., Tolmachev G.N. Generation of ozone in the surface air layer versus air temperature // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2018. V. 31, N 2. P. 187–196.
20. Qin M., She Y., Wang M., Wang H., Chang Y., Tan Z., An J., Huang J., Yuan Z., Lu J., Wang Q., Liu C., Liu Z., Xie X., Li J., Liao H., Pye H.O.T., Huang C., Guo S., Hu M., Zhang Y., Jacob D.J., Hu J. Increased urban ozone in heatwaves due to temperature-induced emissions of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds // Nature Geosci. 2025. V. 18, N 1. P. 50–56. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01608-w.
21. Tollefson J. Earth breaches 1.5 °C climate limit for the first time: What does it mean? // Nature. 2025. V. 637, N 8047. P. 769–770.
22. Nelson B.S., Liu Z., Squires F.A., Shaw M., Hopkins J.R., Hamilton J.F., Rickard A.R., Lewis A.C., Shi Z., Le J.D. The effect of different climate and air quality policies in China on in situ ozone production in Beijing // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2024. V. 24, N 16. P. 9031–9044. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-9031-2024.
23. East J.D., Monier E., Saari R.K., Garcia-Menendez F. Projecting changes in the frequency and magnitude of ozone pollution events under uncertain climate sensitivity // Earth’s Future. 2024. V. 12, N 6. P. 003941. DOI: 10.1029/2023EF003941.
24. Zhang J., Gao Y., Leung L.R., Luo K., Wang M., Zhang Y., Bell M.L., Jianren Fan J. Isolating the modulation of mean warming and higher-order temperature changes on ozone in a changing climate over the contiguous United States // Environ. Res. Let. 2022. V. 17, N 9. P. 094005. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac8695.
25. Langford A.O., Senff C.J., Alvarez II R.J., Aikin K.C., Baidar S., Bonin T.A., Brewer W.A., Brioude J., Brown S.S., Burley J.D., Caputi D.J., Conley S.A., Cullis P.D., Decker Z.C.J., Evan S., Kirgis G., Lin M., Pagowski M., Peischl J., Petropavlovskikh I., Pierce R.B., Ryerson T.B., Sandberg S.P., Sterling C.W., Weickmann A.M., Zhang L. The Fires, Asian, and Stratospheric Transport–Las Vegas Ozone Study (FAST-LVOS) // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2022. V. 22, N 3. P. 1707–1737. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-1707-2022.
26. Kim S.-W., McDonald B.C., Seo S., Kim K.-M., Trainer M. Understanding the paths of surface ozone abatement in the Los Angeles basin // J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2022. V. 127, N 4. P. E2021JD035606. DOI: 10.1029/2021JD035606.
27. Gouldsbrough L., Hossaini R., Eastoe E., Young P.Y. A temperature dependent extreme value analysis of UK surface ozone, 1980–2019 // Atmos. Environ. 2020. V. 273. P. 118975.
28. Fang H., Wang W., Wang R., Xu H., Zhang Y., Wu T., Zhou R., Zhang J., Ruan Z., Li F., Wang X. Ozone and its precursors at an urban site in the Yangtze River delta since clean air action plan phase II in China // Environ. Pollut. 2024. V. 347. P. 123769. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123769.
29. Zhang L., Wang L., Liu B., Tang G., Liu B., Li X., Sun Y., Li M., Chen X., Wang Y., Hu B. Contrasting effects of clean air actions on surface ozone concentrations in different regions over Beijing from May to September 2013–2020 // Sci. Total. Environ. 2023. V. 903. P. 166182. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166182.
30. Andreev V.V., Bajenov O.E., Belan B.D., Vargin P.N., Gruzdev A.N., Elanskii N.F., Jamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Kotel'nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Kulikov M.Yu., Nevzorov A.V., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Rozanov E.V., Skorokhod A.I., Solomatnikova A.A., Stepanov E.V., Feigin A.M., Khodjer T.V. Rossiiskie issledovaniya atmosfernogo ozona i ego predshestvennikov v 2019–2022 years // Izv. RAN. Fiz. atmosf. i okeana. 2023. V. 59, N 7. P. 1034–1060. DOI: 10.31857/S0002351523070027.
31. Sostoyanie zagryazneniya atmosfery v gorodakh na territorii Russia za 2022 year // Ejegodnik FGBU «GGO». M.: [B.i.], 2023. 255 p.
32. Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Davydov D.K., Elansky N.F., Zhamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Postylyakov O.V., Savkin D.E., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Chelibanovi I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V. Prizemnaya kontsentratsiya ozona na territorii Rossii v pervom polugodii 2020 year // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2020. V. 33, N 9. P. 710–721. DOI: 10.15372/AOO20200908; Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Davydov D.K., Elansky N.F., Zhamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Postylyakov O.V., Savkin D.E., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Chelibanovi I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V. Surface ozone concentration over Russian territory in the first half of 2020 // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2020. V. 33, N 6. P. 671–681.
33. Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Belan S.B., Davydov D.K., Deminc V.I., Dudorova N.V., Elansky N.F., Zhamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Konovaltseva L.V., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Potemkin V.L., Savkin D.E., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Khodzher T.V., Chelibanov I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V., Shukurov K.A. Kontsentratsiya troposfernogo ozona na territorii Rossii v 2021 year // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2022. V. 35, N 7. P. 559–571. DOI: 10.15372/AOO20220706; Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Belan S.B., Davydov D.K., Deminc V.I., Dudorova N.V., Elansky N.F., Zhamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Konovaltseva L.V., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Potemkin V.L., Savkin D.E., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Khodzher T.V., Chelibanov I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V., Shukurov K.A. Tropospheric ozone concentration on the territory of Russia in 2021 // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2022. V. 35, N 6. P. 741–757.
34. Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Belan S.B., Davydov D.K., Demin V.I., Dudorova N.V., Elansky N.F., Zhamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Ivanov R.V., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Konovaltseva L.V., Korenskiy M.Yu., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Potemkin V.L., Savkin D.E., Semutnikova E.G., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Khodzher T.V., Chelibanov I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V., Shukurov K.A. Kontsentratsiya troposfernogo ozona na territorii Rossii v 2022 year // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2023. V. 36, N 8. P. 642–655. DOI: 10.15372/AOO20230804; Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Belan S.B., Davydov D.K., Demin V.I., Dudorova N.V., Elansky N.F., Zhamsueva G.S., Zayakhanov A.S., Ivanov R.V., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Konovaltseva L.V., Korenskiy M.Yu., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Potemkin V.L., Savkin D.E., Semutnikova E.G., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Khodzher T.V., Chelibanov I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V., Shukurov K.A. Tropospheric ozone concentration in Russia in 2022 // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2023. V. 36, N 6. P. 741–757.
35. Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Belan S.B., Gordyushkin V.A., Davydov D.K., Demin V.I., Dudorova N.V., Elansky N.F., Ivanov R.V., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Konovaltseva L.V., Korenskiy M.Yu., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Marchenko O.O., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Potemkin V.L., Savkin D.E., Semutnikova E.G., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Khodzher T.V., Chelibanov I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V., Shtabkin Yu.A., Shukurov K.A. Kontsentratsiya troposfernogo ozona na territorii Rossii v 2023 year // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2024. V. 37, N 8. P. 688–698. DOI: 10.15372/AOO20240809; Andreev V.V., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Belan S.B., Gordyushkin V.A., Davydov D.K., Demin V.I., Dudorova N.V., Elansky N.F., Ivanov R.V., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Konovaltseva L.V., Korenskiy M.Yu., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Lapchenko V.A., Lezina E.A., Marchenko O.O., Obolkin V.A., Postylyakov O.V., Potemkin V.L., Savkin D.E., Semutnikova E.G., Senik I.A., Stepanov E.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V., Khodzher T.V., Chelibanov I.V., Chelibanov V.P., Shirotov V.V., Shtabkin Yu.A., Shukurov K.A. Tropospheric ozone concentration in Russia in 2023 // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2024. V. 37, N 6. P. 849–864.
36. SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 «Gigienicheskie normativy i trebovaniya k obespecheniyu bezopasnosti i (ili) bezvrednosti dlya cheloveka faktorov sredy obitaniya». Utverjden postanovleniem N 2 Glavnogo gosudarstvennogo sanitarnogo vracha Rossiiskoi Federatsii 28.01.2021. 1142 p.
37. Adame J.A., Gutierrez-Alvares I., Notario A., Yela M. Surface ozone trends reversal for June and December in an Atlantic natural coastal environment // Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2024. V. 31. P. 17461–17471. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32344-8.
38. Aas W., Fagerli H., Alastuey A., Cavalli F., Degorska A., Feigenspan S., Brenna H., Gliß J., Heinesen D., Hueglin C., Holubová A., Jean-Luc Jaffrezo J.-L., Mortier A., Murovec M., Putaud J.P., Rüdiger J., Simpson D., Solberg S., Tsyro S., Tørseth K., Yttri K.E. Trends in air pollution in Europe, 2000–2019 // Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2024. V. 24, N 4. P. 230237. DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.230237.
39. Wang B., Meiping Sun M., Si L., Niu Z. Spatio-temporal variation of O3 concentration and exposure risk assessment in key regions of China, 2015–2021 // Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2024. V. 15, N 1. P. 101941. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134843.
40. Parrish D.D., Faloona I.C., Derwent R.G. Maximum ozone concentrations in the southwestern US and Texas: Implications of the growing predominance of the background contribution // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2025. V. 25, N 1. P. 263–289. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2024-342.
41. Gigienicheskii normativ GN 2.1.6.3492-17 «Predel'no dopustimye kontsentratsii (PDK) zagryaznyayushchikh veshchestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe gorodskikh i sel'skikh poselenii». Postanovlenie Glavnogo Gosudarstvennogo sanitarnogo vracha Rossiiskoi Federatsii N 165 ot 22 december 2017 year (s izmeneniyami na 31 may 2018 year).
42. WHO global air quality guidelines. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide // WMO, 2021. 275 p.
43. Stockwell W.R., Fitzgerald R.M., Lu D., Perea R. Differences in the variability of measured and simulated tropospheric ozone mixing ratios over the Paso del Norte Region // J. Atmos. Chem. 2013. V. 70, N 1. P. 91–104.
44. Burman E.A. Mestnye vetry. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1969. 341 p.
45. Senik I.A., Elanskii N.F., Belikov I.B., Lisitsyna L.V., Galaktionov V.V., Kortunova Z.V. Osnovnye zakonomernosti vremennoi izmenchivosti prizemnogo ozona na vysotakh 870 i 2070 m v raione g. Kislovodska // Izv. RAN. Fiz. atmosf. i okeana. 2005. V. 41, N 1. P. 78–91.
46. Shakina N.P., Ivanova A.R., Elansky N.F., Markova T.A. Transcontinental observations of surface ozone concentration in the TROICA experiments: 2. The effect of the stratosphere – troposphere exchange // Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 2001. V. 37, N 1. P. S39–S48.
47. Elanskii N.F. O mekhanizme vozdeistviya struinogo techeniya na ozonnyi sloi // Izv. AN SSSR. Fiz. atmosf. i okeana. 1975. V. 11, N 9. P. 916–925.
48. Doklad ob osobennostyakh klimata na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2024 year. M., 2025. 104 p.
49. Reshetov V.D. Izmenchivost' meteorologicheskikh elementov v atmosfere. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1973. 215 p.
50. O sostave, tochnosti i prostranstvenno-vremennom razreshenii informatsii neobkhodimoi dlya gidrometeorologicheskogo obespecheniya narodnogo khozyaistva i slujby gidrometeorologicheskikh prognozov / pod red. M.A. Petrosyants, V.D. Reshetov. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1975. 220 p.
51. Huang Y.Y., Donaldson D.J. Measurement report: Observations of ground-level ozone concentration gradients perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2024. V. 24, N 4. P. 2387–2398. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2023-1751.
52. Belan B.D., Ancellet G., Andreeva I.S., Antokhin P.N., Arshinova V.G., Arshinov M.Y., Balin Y.S., Barsuk V.E., Belan S.B., Chernov D.G., Davydov D.K., Fofonov A.V., Ivlev G.A., Kotel’nikov S.N., Kozlov A.S., Kozlov A.V., Law K., Mikhal’chishin A.V., Moseikin I.A., Nasonov S.V., Nédélec P., Okhlopkova O.V., Ol’kin S.E., Panchenko M.V., Paris J.-D., Penner I.E., Ptashnik I.V., Rasskazchikova T.M., Reznikova I.K., Romanovskii O.A., Safatov A.S., Savkin D.E., Simonenkov D.V., Sklyadneva T.K., Tolmachev G.N., Yakovlev S.V., Zenkova P.N. Integrated airborne investigation of the air composition over the Russian sector of the Arctic // Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2022. V. 15, N 13. P. 3941–3967. DOI: 10.5194/amt-15-3941-2022.
53. Belan B.D., Antokhin P.N., Arshinov M.Yu., Belan S.B., Davydov D.K., Ivlev G.A., Kozlov A.V., Pestunov D.A., Savkin D.E., Simonenkov D.V., Tolmachev G.N., Fofonov A.V. Samolet-laboratoriya YAK-40 dlya izmereniya potokov parnikovykh gazov. Patent na poleznuyu model' N 228158 ot 16.08.2024.
54. Karl T. Mapping urban haze // Science. 2024. V. 384, N 6702. P. 1299. DOI: 10.1126/science.adq1423.
55. Li X., Wang W., Yang S., Cheng Y., Zeng L., Yu X., Lu S., Liu Y., Hu M., Xie S., Huang X., Zhou J., Shi L., Xu H., Lin S., Liu H., Feng M., Song D., Tan Q., Zhang Y. Ozone sensitivity regimes vary at different heights in the planetary boundary layer // Sci. Total Environ. 2024, V. 944. P. 173712. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173712.
