Vol. 33, issue 06, article # 8

Abstract:

The earlier proposed hypothesis (Zuev et al., 2014) about the possibility of nanodispersed black carbon particles formation in eruptive column of volcanic eruption with VEI ³ 4 is discussed. The probable characteristics of volcanogenic soot particles and their distinctive features from stratospheric black carbon particles of other origin are analyzed. A brief review of suitable instrumental methods for detecting particles is carried out, and observational facts that indicate the possible detection of particles of volcanic soot earlier are presented. The idea of a complex experiment for observational confirmation of the hypothesis is proposed.

Keywords:

stratosphere, black carbon, Plinian eruption, volcanogenic soot

Figures:

References:

1. Kremser S., Thomason L.W., von Hobe M., Hermann M., Deshler T., Timmreck C., Toohey M., Stenke A., Schwarz J.P., Weigel R., Fueglistaler S., Prata F.J., Vernier J-P., Schlager H, Barnes J.E., Antuña-Marrero J-C., Fairlie D., Palm M., Mahieu E., Notholt J., Rex M., Bingen C., Vanhellemont F., Bourassa A., John M.C., Plane J.M.C., Klocke D., Carn C.A., Clarisse L., Trickl T., Neely R., James A.D., Rieger L., Wilson J.C., Meland B. Stratospheric aerosol – observations, processes, and impact on climate // Rev. Geophys. 2016. V. 54. P. 278–335. DOI: 10.1002/2015RG000511.
2. Zuev V.V., Zueva N.E., Kutsenogij P.K., Savel'eva E.S. Vulkanogennyj nanodispersnyj uglerodnyj aerozol' v stratosfere // Himiya v inter. ust. razv. 2014. V. 22. P. 83–88.
3. Zuev V.V., Zueva N.E., Savel'eva E.S., Shelekhov A.P., Shelekhova E.A. O roli vulkanogennogo razogreva tropicheskoj stratosfery v formirovanii ochagov tepla v arkticheskih regionah // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2014. V. 27, N 1. P. 69–74; Zuev V.V., Zueva N.E., Savel’eva E.S., Shelekhov A.P., Shelekhova E.A. The role of volcanic heating of the tropical stratosphere in formation of heat centers in the Arctic regions // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2014. V. 27, N 3. P. 262–267.
4. Zuev V.V., Zueva N.E., Savel'eva E.S. Temperaturnye i ozonovye anomalii kak indikatory vulkanogennoj sazhi v stratosfere // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2014. V. 27, N 8. P. 698–704; Zuev V.V., Zueva N.E., Saveljeva E.S. Temperature and ozone anomalies as indicators of volcanic soot in the stratosphere // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2015. V. 28, N 1. P. 100–106.
5. Zuev V.V., Zueva N.E., Savelieva E.S., Gerasimov V.V. Plinian eruptions as a potential source of black carbon in the stratosphere // Proc. SPIE. 2019. V. 11208. DOI: 10.1117/12.2535585.
6. Sigurdsson H., Houghton B., McNutt S.R., Rymer H., Stix J. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. London: Academic Press, 2015. P. 519–534.
7. Zuev V.P., Mihajlov V.V. Proizvodstvo sazhi. M.: Himiya, 1965. 328 p.
8. Surovikin V.F. Sovremennye tendentsii razvitiya metodov i tekhnologii polucheniya nanodispersnyh uglerodnyh materialov // Ros. him. zhurn. 2007. V. LI, N 4. P. 92–97.
9. Ess M.N., Vasilatou K. Characterization of a new miniCAST with diffusion flame and premixed flame options: Generation of particles with high EC content in the size range 30 nm to 200 nm // Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2019. V. 53, N 1. P. 29–44. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1536818.
10. Beresnev S.A., Vasil'eva M.S., Gryazin V.I., Kochneva L.B. Fotoforez fraktalo-podobnyh agregatov sazhi: mikrofizicheskaya model', sravnenie s eksperimentom i vozmozhnye atmosfernye proyavleniya // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2017. V. 30, N 6. P. 457–462. DOI: 10.15372/AOO20170602; Beresnev S.A., Vasil’eva M.S., Gryazin V.I., Kochneva L.B. Photophoresis of fractal-like soot aggregates: Microphysical model, comparison with experiment, and possible atmospheric manifestations // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2017. V. 30, N 6. P. 527–532.
11. Beresnev S.A., Gryazin V.I., Gribanov K.G. Analiz harakteristik vertikal'nogo vetra v stratosfere // Meteorol. i gidrol. 2009. V. 34, N 11. P. 37–47.
12. Gryazin V.I., Beresnev S.A. Influence of vertical wind on stratospheric aerosol transport // Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 2011. V. 110. N 3–4. P. 151–162. DOI: 10.1007/s00703-010-0114-8.
13. Renard J.-B., Brogniez C., Berthet G., Bourgeois Q., Gaubicher B., Chartier M., Balois J.-Y., Verwaerde C., Auriol F., Francois P., Daugeron D., Engrand C. Vertical distribution of the different types of aerosols in the stratosphere: Detection of solid particles and analysis of their spatial variability // J. Geophys. Res. 2008. V. 113, N D21303. DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010150.
14. Renard J.-B., Berthet G., Salazar V., Catoire V., Tagger M., Gaubicher B., Robert C. In situ detection of aerosol layers in the middle stratosphere // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010. V. 37. DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044307.
15. Renard J.-B., Dulac F., Berthet G., Lurton T., Vignelles D., Jégou F., Tonnelier T., Jeannot M., Couté B., Akik R., Verdier N., Mallet M., Gensdarmes F., Charpentier P., Mesmin S., Duverger V., Dupont J.-C., Elias T., Crenn V., Sciare J., Zieger P., Salter M., Roberts T., Giacomoni J., Gobbi M., Hamonou E., Olafsson H., Dagsson-Waldhauserova P., Camy-Peyret C., Mazel C., Décamps T., Piringer M., Surcin J., Daugeron D. LOAC: A small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 1: Principle of measurements and instrument evaluation // Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2016. V. 9. P. 1721–1742. DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-1721-2016.
16. Renard J.-B., Dulac F., Berthet G., Lurton T., Vignelles D., Jégou F., Tonnelier T., Jeannot M., Couté B., Akik R., Verdier N., Mallet M., Gensdarmes F., Charpentier P., Mesmin S., Duverger V., Dupont J.-C., Elias T., Crenn V., Sciare J., Zieger P., Salter M., Roberts T., Giacomoni J., Gobbi M., Hamonou E., Olafsson H., Dagsson-Waldhauserova P., Camy-Peyret C., Mazel C., Décamps T., Piringer M., Surcin J., Daugeron D. LOAC: A small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 2: First results from balloon and unmanned aerial vehicle flights // Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2016. V. 9. P. 3673–3686. DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3673-2016.
17. Renard J.-B., Berthet G., Levasseur-Regourd A.-C.., Beresnev S., Miffre A., Rairoux P., Vignelles D., Jegon F. The complex origin and spatial distribution of non-pure sulfate particles (NSPs) in the stratosphere // Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2019. DOI: 10.5194/acp-2019-904.
18. Pusechel R.F., Blake D.F., Snetsinger K.G., Hansen A.D.A., Verma S., Kato K. Black carbon (soot) aerosol in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1992. V. 19, N 16. P. 1659– 1662.
19. Sheridan P.J., Brock C.A., Wilson J.C. Aerosol particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Elemental composition and morphology of individual particles in northern midlatitudes // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1994. V. 21, N 23. P. 2587–2590.
20. Ebert M., Weigel R., Kandler K., Günther G., Molleker S., Grooß J.-U., Vogel B., Weinbruch S., Borrmann S. Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2016. V. 16. P. 8405–8421. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-8405-2016.
21. Murphy D.M., Froyd K.D., Schwarz J.P., Wilson J.C. Observations of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles // Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2014. V. 140. P. 1269–1278. DOI: 10.1002/qj.2213.
22. Bahreini R., Jimenez J.L., Wang J., Flagan R.C., Seinfeld J.H., Jayne J.T., Worsnop D.R. Aircraft-based aerosol size and composition measurements during ACE-Asia using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer // J. Geophys. Res. 2003. V. 108, N D23. P. 8635. DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003226.
23. Gao R.S., Schwarz J.P., Kelly K.K., Fahey D.W., Watts L.A., Thompson T.L., Spackman J.R., Slowik J.G., Cross E.S., Han J.-H., Davidovits P., Onasch T.B., Worsnop D.R. A novel method for estimating light-scattering properties of soot aerosols using a modified single-particle soot photometer // Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2007. V. 41. P. 125–135. DOI: 10.1080/02786820601118398.
24. Baumgardner D., Kok G., Raga G. Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004. V. 31. L06117. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018883.
25. Draxler R.R., Hess G.D. An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition // Australian Meteor. Mag. 1998. V. 47, N 4. P. 295–308.
26. Bègue N., Vignelles D., Berthet G., Portafaix T., Payen G., Jégou F., Benchérif H., Jumelet J., Vernier J.-P.,  Lurton T., Renard J.-B., Clarisse L., Duverger V., Posny F., Metzger J.-M., Godin-Beekmann S. Long-range transport of stratospheric aerosols in theSouthern Hemisphere following the 2015 Calbuco eruption // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2017. V. 17. P. 15019–15036. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-15019-2017.
27. Jegou F., Berthet G., Brogniez C., Renard J.-B., Francois P., Haywood J.M., Jones A., Bourgeois Q., Lurton T., Auriol F., Godin-Beekmann S., Guimbaud C., Krysztofiak G., Gaubicher B., Chartier M., Clarisse L., Clerbaux C., Balois J.Y., Verwaerde C., Daugeron D. Stratospheric aerosols from the Sarychev volcano eruption in the 2009 Arctic summer // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013. V. 13. P. 6533–6552. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-6533-2013.
28. Chuan R.L., Woods D.C. The appearance of carbon aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1984. V. 11, N 5. P. 553–556.
29. Scott J.D., Chittenden D.M. Chemical composition of particles of d < 0.20 mm in the lower stratospheric aerosol, spring 1993 // J. Arkansas Academy of Sci. 2002. V. 56, N 1. Art. 23.
30. Schütze K., Wilson J.C., Weinbruch S., Benker N., Ebert M., Günther G., Weigel R., Borrmann S. Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2017. V. 17. P. 12475–12493. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-12475-2017.
31. Strawa A.W., Drdla K., Ferry G.V., Verma S., Pueschel R.F., Yasuda M., Salawitch R.J., Gao R.S., Howard S.D., Bui P.T., Loewenstein M., Elkins J.W., Perkins K.K., Cohen R. Carbonaceous aerosol (soot) measured in the lower stratosphere during POLARIS and its role in stratospheric photochemistry // J. Geophys. Res. 1999. V. 104, N D21. P. 26,753–26,766.
32. Blake D.F., Kato K. Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere // J. Geophys. Res. 1995. V. 100, N D4. P. 7195–7202.
33. Pueschel R.F., Boering K.A., Verma S., Howard S.D., Ferry G.V., Goodman J., Allen D.A., Hamill P. Soot aerosol in the lower stratosphere: Pole-to-pole variability and contributions by aircraft // J. Geophys. Res. 1997. V. 102, N D11. P. 13,113 – 13,118.
34. Petzold A., Döpelheuer A., Brock C.A., Schroeder F. In situ observations and model calculations of black carbon emission by aircraft at cruise altitude // J. Geophys. Res. 1999. V. 104, N D18. P. 22,171–22,181.