Том 15, номер 02, статья № 1
Скопировать ссылку в буфер обмена
Аннотация:
Сделан обзор полученных за последние годы данных о физических свойствах и химическом составе атмосферного аэрозоля в контексте исследований аэрозоля как климатообразующего компонента атмосферы. Особое внимание уделено обсуждению результатов полевого наблюдательного эксперимента по изучению свойств аэрозоля (АСЕ). Кратко проанализированы основные процессы, ответственные за образование атмосферного аэрозоля. Подведены итоги новых усилий по обоснованию моделей атмосферного аэрозоля. Охарактеризованы основы численного моделирования с целью воспроизведения пространственно-временной изменчивости трехмерных полей счетной концентрации и микроструктуры аэрозоля.
Список литературы:
1. Аршинов М.Ю., Белан Б.Д. Суточный ход концентрации микродисперсной фракции аэрозоля // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 2000. Т. 13. № 11. С. 983–990.
2. Григорьев А.А., Кондратьев К.Я. Экологические катастрофы. Спб.: Научный центр РАН, 2001. 350 с.
3. Ильин А.П., Громов А.А., Попенко Е.М. Тиксотропные металлические аэрозоли приземного слоя // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 2000. Т. 13. № 11. С. 991–995.
4. Козлов А.С., Анкилов А.Н., Бакланов А.М., Власенко А.Л., Еременко С.И., Малышкин С.Б. Исследование механических процессов образование субмикронного аэрозоля // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 2000. Т. 13. № 6–7. С. 664–666.
5. Кондратьев К.Я., Васильев О.Б., Ивлев О.С., Никольский Г.А., Смоктий О.И. Влияние аэрозоля на перенос излучения: Возможные климатические последствия. Л.: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1973. 266 с.
6. Кондратьев К.Я., Москаленко Н.И., Поздняков Д.В. Атмосферный аэрозоль. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1983. 224 с.
7. Кондратьев К.Я. (ред.) Аэрозоль и климат. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1991. 542 с.
8. Кондратьев К.Я. Биогенный аэрозоль в атмосфере // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 2001. Т. 14. №. 3. С. 171–179.
9. Кондратьев К.Я., Демирчан К.С. Глобальный климат и Протокол Киото // Вестн. РАН. 2001. Т. 71. № 11.
9a. Куценогий К.П., Куценогий П.К. Аэрозоли Сибири. Итоги семилетних исследований // Сиб. экол. ж. 2000. Т. 7. № 1. С. 11–20.
10. Оболкин В.А., Потемкин В.Л., Ходжер Т.В. Сравнительные данные о химическом составе аэрозолей континентальных и арктических районов Восточной Сибири // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 1998. Т. 11. № 6. С. 632–635.
11. Пененко В.В., Панченко М.В. Междисциплинарные исследования переноса и трансформации примесей в атмосфере: предварительные итоги и перспективы // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 2000. Т. 13. № 6–7. С. 694–700.
12. Романкевич Е.А., Ветров А.А. Цикл углерода в арктических морях России. М.: Наука, 2001. 303 с.
13. Хуторова О.Г., Тепкин Г.М., Латыпов А.Ф. Эмпирическая модель взаимодействия аэрозоля и химических примесей в урбанизированных условиях // Оптика атмосф. и океана. 2000. Т. 13. № 6–7. С. 678–680.
14. Andrea M.O., Fishman J., Lindesay J. The Southern Tropical Regional Experiment (STARE): Transport and Atmospheric chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE-A) and Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI): An introduction // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1996. V. 101. № 19. P. 23519–23520.
15. Barth M.C., Church A.T. Regional and Global distributions and lifetime of sulfate aerosols from Mexico City and southeast China // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 23. P. 30231–30240.
16. Barth M.C., Rasch P.J., Kiehl J.T., Benkovitz C.M., Schwartz S.E. Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 1. P. 1387–1416.
17. Bates T.S., Huebert B.J., Gras J.L., Criffiths F.B., Durkee P.A. International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project’s First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1): Overview // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 13. P. 16297–16318.
18. Bates T.S. First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1). Pt. 2. Preface // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 17. P. 21645–21647.
18a. Berg O.H., Swietlicki E., Krejci R. Hydroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer over the Pacific and Southern Oceans during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1988. V. 103. № 13. P. 16535–16545.
19. Berresheim H., Huey J.W., Thorn R.P., Eisele F.L., Tanner D.J., Jefferson A. Measurements of dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, and aerosol ions at Palmer Station, Antarctica // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 1. P. 1629–1637.
20. Birmili W., Wiedensohler A. New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000. V. 27. № 20. P. 3325–3328.
21. Buzoriuz G., Rannik U., Makela J.M., Keronen P., Vesala T., Kulmala M. Vertical aerosol fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method and deposition of nucleation mode particles above a Scots pine forest in southern Finland // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 15. P. 19905–19916.
22. Cappellato R., Peters N.E., Meyers T.P. Above-ground sulfur cycling in adjacent coniferous and deciduous forest and watershed sulfur retention in the Georgia Piedmont, USA // Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 1998. V. 103. № 1–4. P. 151–171.
23. Chin M., Rood R.B., Lin S.-J., Muller J.-F., Thompson A.M. Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Model description and global properties // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 20. P. 24671–24688.
24. Chin M., Savoie D.L., Huebert B.J., Bandy A.R., Thornton D.C., Bates T.S., Quinn P.K., Saltzmann E.S., De Bruyn W.J. Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Comparison with field observations and regional budgets // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 20. P. 24689–24712.
24a. Chugthai A.R., Miller M.I., Smith D.M., Pitts J.R. Carbonaceous particle hydratation III // J. Atmos. Chem. 1999. V. 34. № 2. P. 259–279.
25. Collins W.D., Rasch P.J., Eaton B.E., Khattatov B.V., Lamarque J.-F. Simulating aerosols using a chemical transport model with assimulation of satellite aerosol retrievals: Methodology for INDOEX // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2001. V. 106. № 7. P. 7313–7336.
26. Davis D., Chen G., Kasibhatla P., Jefferson A., Tanner D., Eisele F., Lenshow D., Neff W., Berrensheim H. DMS oxidation in the Antarctic marine boundary layer: Comparison of model simulations and field observations of DMS, DMSO, DMSO2, H2SO4(g), MSA(g) and MSA(p) // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 1. P. 1657–1678.
27. Dibb J.E., Talbot R.W., Scheuer E.M., Blake D.R., Blake N.S., Gregory G.L., Sachse G.W., Thornton D.C. Aerosol chemical composition and distribution during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 5. P. 5785–5800.
28. Feingold G., Kreidenweis S.M., Stevens B., Cotton W.R. Numerical simulations of stratocumulus processing of cloud condensation nuclei through collision-coalescence // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1996. V. 101. № 16. P. 21391–21402.
29. Feingold G., Kreidenweis S. Does cloud processing of aerosol enhance droplet concentrations? // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 19. P. 24351–24362.
30. Fitzgerald J.W., Hoppel W.A., Gelbard F. A one-dimensional sectional model to simulate multicomponent aerosol dynamics in the marine boundary layer. 1. Model description // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 13. P. 16085–16102.
31. Fitzgerald J.W., Marti J.S., Hoppel W.A., Frick G.M., Gelbard F. A one-dimensional sectional model to simulate multicomponent aerosol dynamics in the marine boundary layer. 2. Model application // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 13. P. 16103–16117.
32. Guelle W., Balkanski Y.J., Schultz M., Marticorena B., Bergametti G., Moulin C., Arimoto R., Perry K.D. Modeling the atmospheric distribution of mineral aerosol: Comparison with ground measurements and satellite observations for yearly and synoptic timescales over the North Atlantic // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 2. P. 1997–2012.
33. Güllü G.H., Ölmez I., Aygün S., Tuncel B. Atmospheric trace element concentrations over the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Factors affecting temporal variability // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 17. P. 21943–21954.
34. Harrison R.M., Grenfell J.L., Savage N., Allen A., Clemitshaw K.C., Penkett S., Hewitt C.N., Davison B. Observations of new particle production in the atmosphere of a moderately polluted site in eastern England // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 14. P. 17819–17832.
35. Hobbs P.V. Sulfate versus carbonaceous materials on the East Coast of the Unated States: Results from TARFOX // IGACtivi. News lett. 1998. N 11. P. 3–5.
36. Houghton J.T. The IPCC Report // Proc. of the SOLSPA Conf. Tenerife, 25–29 Sept., 2000. ESA SP ISSN 0379–6566. № 463. Nordwijk. 2000. P. 255–259.
37. Huang S., Rahn K.A., Arimoto R., Graurtein W.C., Turekian K.K. Semiannual cycles of pollution of Bermuda // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 23. P. 30309–30317.
38. Huebert B.J., Howell S.G., Zhuang L., Heath J.A., Litchy M.R., Wylie D.J., Kreidler-Moss J.L., Cöppicus S., Pfeiffer J.E. Filter and impactor measurements of anions and cations during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 13. P.16493–16509.
39. IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis / J.T. Houghton et al., Eds. Cambridge University Press, 2001. 881 p.
40. Johansen A.M., Siefert R.L., Hoffman M.R. Chemical composition of aerosols collected over the tropical North Atlantic Ocean // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 12. P. 15277–15312.
41. Kanakidou M., Tsigaridis K., Dentener F.J., Crutzen P.J. Human-activity-enhanced formation of organic aerosols by biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 7. P. 9243–9254.
42. Kaneyasu N., Murayama S. High concentrations of black carbon over middle latitudes in the North Pacific Ocean // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 15. P. 19881–19890.
43. Kärcher B., Turco R.P.,Yu E., Danilin M.Y., Weisenstein D.K., Miake-Lye R.C., Busen R. A unified model for ultrafine aircraft particle emissions // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 24. P. 29379–29386.
44. Kerminen V.-M., Hilliamo R.E., Mäkelä T., Saffrezo J.-L., Maenhut W. The physicochemical structure of the Greenland summer aerosol and its relation to atmospheric processes // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 5. P. 5661–5670.
45. Kondratyev K.Ya. Climate Shocks: Natural and Anthropogenic. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988. 296 p.
46. Kondratyev K.Ya., Galindo I. Volcanic Activity and Climate // A. Deepak Publ. Hampton, VA. 1997. 382 p.
47. Kondratyev K.Ya. Multidimensional Global Change // Wiley/PRAXIS. Chichester, U.K. 1998. 761 p.
48. Kondratyev K.Ya. Climate Effects of Aerosols and Clouds // Springer/PRAXIS. Chichester, U.K. 1999. 264 p.
49. Krischke U., Staubes R., Brauers T., Gautrois M., Burkert J., Stobener D., Jaeschke W. Removal of SO2 from the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocean: A case study on the kinetics of the heterogeneous S(IV) oxidation on marine aerosols // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 11. P. 14413–14422.
50. Lavoué D., Liousse C., Cachier H., Stocks B., Goldammer J.G. Modeling of carbonaceous particles emitted by boreal and temperate wildfires at northern latitudes // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 22. P. 26871–26890.
51. Li-Jones K., Prospero J.M. Variation in the size distribution of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer at Barbados: Impact of African dust // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 13. P. 16073–16084.
52. Mari C., Suhre K., Rosset R., Bates T.S., Huebert B.J., Bandy A.R., Thornton D.C., Bussinger S. One-dimensional modeling of sulfur species during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1), Lagrangian B // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 17. P. 21733–21749.
53. Maring H., Savoie D.L., Izaguirre M.A., McCormick C., Arimoto R., Prospero J.M., Pilnis C. Aerosol physical and optical properties and their relationship to aerosol composition in the free troposphere at Izaña, Tenerife, Canary Islands, during July 1995 // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 11. P. 14677–14700.
54. Mészaros E. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Aerosol Che-mistry // Akadémiai Kiadò, Budapest. 1999. 308 p.
54a. Mészaros E., Molnar A. A brief history of aerosol research in Hungary // Idöjaras. 2001. V. 105. № 2. P. 63–80.
55. Mishchenko M., Penner J., Anderson D. Global Aerosol Climatology Project advances // GEWEX News. 2000. V. 10. № 4. P. 6.
56. Moorthy K.K., Satheesh S.K. Characteristics of aerosols over a remote islans, Minicoy in the Arabian Sea: Optical properties and retrieved size characteristics // Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 2000. Part A. V. 126. № 562. P. 81–110.
57. Murphy D.M., Anderson J.R., Quinn P.K., McInnes L.M., Brechtel F.J., Kreidenweis S.M., Middlebrook A.M., Pòsfai M., Thomson D.S., Biseck P.R. Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer // Nature. 1998. V. 392. № 6671. P. 62–65.
58. Newell R.E., Evans M.J. Seasonal changes in pollutant transport to the North Pacific: the relative importance of Asian and European sources // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000. V. 27. № 16. P. 2500–2512.
59. O’Dowd C.D., Geever M., Hill M.K., Smith M.H., Jennings S.G. New particle formation: Nucleation rates and spatial scales in the clean marine coastal environment // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998. V. 25. N 10. P. 1661–1664.
60. O’Dowd C.D., Becker E., Mäkelä J.M., Kulmala M. Aerosol physico-chemical characteristics over a boreal forest determined by volatility analysis // Boreal Environ. Res. 2000. V. 5. № 4. P. 337–348.
61. Park J., Cho S.Y. A long range transport of SO2 and sulfate between Korea and East China // Atmos. Environ. 1998. V. 32. № 16. P. 2745–2756.
62. Piketh S.J., Annegam H.J., Tyson P.D. Lower tropospheric aerosol loadings over South Africa: The relative contribution of aeolian dust, industrial emissions, and biomass burning // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 1. P. 1597–1607.
63. Pirjola L., Laaksonen A., Kulmala M. Sulfate aerosol formation in the Arctic Boundary Layer // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 7. P. 8309–8321.
64. Polissar A.V., Hopke P.K., Pantero P., Malm W.C., Sisler J.F. Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska. 2. Elemental composition and sources // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 15. P. 19045–19057.
65. Polissar A.V., Hopke P.K., Malm W.C., Sisler J.F. Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska. 1. Spatial and seasonal variability // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 15. P. 19035–19044.
66. Posfai M., Anderson J.R., Buseck P.R., Sievering H. Soot and sulfate aerosol particles in the remote marine troposphere // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 17. P. 21685–21694.
67. Randall C.E., Bevilacqua R.M., Lumple J.D., Hoppel K.W., Rusch D.W., Shettle E.P. Comparison of Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) II and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas experiment (SAGE) II aerosol measurements from 1994 to 1996 // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 3. P. 3929–3942.
68. Rasch P.J., Collins W.D., Eaton B.E. Understanding the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) aerosol distribution with an aerosol assimilation // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2001. V. 106. № 7. P. 7337–7355.
69. Restad K., Isaksen S.A., Bernsten T.K. Global distribution of sulphate in the troposphere. A three-dimensional model study // Atmos. Environ. 1998. V. 32. № 20. P. 3593–3609.
70. Reus M., Strom J., Curtius J., Pirjola L., Vignati E., Arnold F., Hansson H.C., Kulmula M., Lelieved J., Raes F. Aerosol production and growth in the upper free troposphere // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 20. P. 24751–24762.
71. Rosen J., Young S., Laby J., Kjome N., Gras J. Springtime aerosol layers in the free troposphere over Australia: Mildura Aerosol Tropospheric Experiment (MATE 98) // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 14. P. 17833–17842.
72. Rusсh P.J., Barth M.C., Kiehl J.T., Schwartz S.E., Benkovitz C.M. A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3 // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 1. P. 1367–1386.
73. Satheesh S.K., Ramanathan V., Li-Jones X., Lobert J.M., Podgorny I.A., Prospero J.M., Holben B.N., Loeb N.G. A model for the natural and antropogenig aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean derived from Indian Ocean Experiment data // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1999. V. 104. № 22. P. 27421–27440.
74. Savarino J., Legrand M. High northern latitude forest fires and vegetation emissions over the last millenium inferred from the chemistry of a central Greenland ice core // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 7. P. 8267–8279.
75. Savarino J., Lee C.C.W., Thiemens M.H. Laboratory oxygen isotropic study of sulfur (IV) oxidation: Origin of the mass-independent oxygen isotopic anomaly in atmospheric sulfates and sulfate mineral deposits on Earth // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 23. P. 29079–29088.
76. Takemura T., Okamoto H., Maruyama Y., Numaguti A., Higurashi A., Nakajima T. Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 14. P. 17853–17874.
77. Tegen I., Hollrig P., Chin M., Fung I., Jacob D., Penner J. Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1997. V. 102. № 20. P. 23895–23915.
78. Tegen I., Koch D., Lacis A.A., Sato M. Trends in tropospheric aerosol loads and corresponding impact on direct radiative forcing between 1950 and 1990: A model study // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 22. P. 26971–26990.
79. Teinilä K., Kerminen V.-M., Hillamo R. A study of size-segregated aerosol chemistry in the Antarctic atmosphere // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 3. P. 3893–3905.
80. Wåhlin P. One year’s continuous aerosol sampling at Summit in Central Greenland // Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow / Ed. by E.W. Wolff and R.C. Baler. NATO ASI Series I. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1996. V. 43. P. 131–143.
81. Wolff E.W., Cachier H. Concentrations and seasonal cycle of black carbon in aerosol at a coastal Antarctic station // J. Geophys. Res. D. 1998. V. 103. № 9. P. 11033–11042.
82. Wurzker S., Reisin T.G., Levin Z. Modification of meneral dust particles by cloud processing and subsequent effects on drop size distributions // J. Geophys. Res. D. 2000. V. 105. № 4. P. 4501–4512.
