Vol. 3, issue 07, article # 10

Belov M. L., Orlov V. M. Pulsed sensing of the foam-covered sea surface through the atmosphere: the optical signal power. // Atmospheric and oceanic optics. 1990. V. 3. No. 07. P. 677-681.    PDF
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Abstract:

This study considers the power of the echo-signal detected during pulsed sensing of the partially foam-covered sea surface through the atmosphere.
Analytical expressions are derived for the average received power and for the echo-pulse delay and width during nadir sensing of the sea surface through both the optically transparent and dense aerosol atmospheres. The presence of sea surface foam is shown to distort the shape of the recorded echo-signal quite significantly.